アメリカ大統領選挙05 激戦州とは (かもしれません 2024)
1968年のアメリカ合衆国大統領選挙、1968年 11月5日に行われたアメリカ大統領選挙では、共和党のリチャードM.ニクソンが民主党のヒューバートH.ハンフリーを破った。
バックグラウンド
1968年の選挙の準備は、1967年にミネソタ州の民主党上院議員、ユージーンJ.マッカーシーが民主党に挑戦したときに変化した。リンドン・B・ジョンソン氏のベトナム戦争政策。ジョンソンは、ジョンF.ケネディの暗殺に続いて1963年に大統領に就任し、1964年に圧倒的に再選されました。彼の任期の初めに彼は非常に人気がありましたが、大統領政権の間に目に見えないほど拡大した米国への関与ドワイトD.アイゼンハワーとケネディの両方が急速に増加する米国の死者数で非常に目立つようになり、戦争の不人気が高まるにつれてジョンソンも同様に目立った。
1966年の選挙は共和党を議会の大多数の少数派として復職させ、社会法は緩やかになり、利用可能な資金をめぐってベトナム戦争と競争した。公民権法（1964年）と投票権法（1965年）にもかかわらず、多くのアフリカ系アメリカ人は公民権の進歩に幻滅した。このように、アフリカ系アメリカ人の間でさえジョンソンの人気にぶつかって、「ブラックパワー」運動が起こりました。都市における一般的な犯罪の増加と散発的な暴力が白人コミュニティに不安を引き起こした。 「法と秩序」の要求がその対応であり、それは問題になっただけでなく、アフリカ系アメリカ人抑圧のコードワードと信じられていました。
Early in 1968, Michigan Republican Gov. George Romney announced his candidacy for the presidency. Many believed New York’s governor, Nelson Rockefeller, might also be a challenger, and George Wallace, former Democratic governor of Alabama and a segregationist during his tenure, began hinting of his interest in the office. Peace factions and black militants talked of nominating their own candidates, and a rerun of the four-way race of 1948 seemed possible.
Primaries
In this setting, McCarthy, whose criticism of the administration on its Vietnam policies had become increasingly caustic, announced his candidacy for president and entered the New Hampshire primary—the first of the presidential primaries. Rockefeller denied that he was a candidate but said that he would accept a draft; 30 Republican leaders endorsed him. At this time Nixon, who had been Eisenhower’s vice president and who had narrowly lost to Kennedy in 1960, declared that new leadership could end the war; he announced his candidacy and entered the New Hampshire primary.
McCarthy was the only major Democrat on the New Hampshire ballot, but, shortly before the March 12 voting, Democratic regulars, alarmed by the effectiveness of McCarthy’s legion of young amateur campaign workers, mounted a desperate write-in campaign for the president. Johnson won 48 percent of the vote, but McCarthy, with 42 percent, won 20 of the 24 delegates. Nixon won the Republican primary; Romney, with polls indicating that he had little hope of winning, had withdrawn from the primary and the presidential race.
A few days later Robert F. Kennedy announced that he would enter the race on the Democratic side. On March 31 President Johnson stunned the country by announcing an end to the bombing of most of North Vietnam—and his decision not to seek reelection. Two days later McCarthy won a somewhat diluted triumph over the president in the Wisconsin primary.
The following Thursday, April 4, African American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Grief and shock among African Americans turned to anger, which found expression in rioting and violence in more than 100 cities, leading many white voters to look more closely at Wallace, who was stressing “law and order” and promising to be on the ballot in 50 states.
After King’s funeral, McCarthy, unopposed, won a preferential primary but no delegates in Pennsylvania. However, he took all the delegates in the Massachusetts primary. The upset Republican winner in Massachusetts was Rockefeller, for whom a hasty write-in campaign had been contrived. Rockefeller beat Gov. John Volpe, who was on the ballot, and Richard Nixon, who was not, and reversed his decision not to run.
Johnson’s vice president, Hubert Humphrey, took four weeks to assess his chances after Johnson’s withdrawal. Humphrey then declared his candidacy and hurriedly assembled an organization to hunt delegates. In the Indiana primary Kennedy defeated both McCarthy and Indiana Gov. Roger Branigan. He also won in Washington, D.C., and trounced McCarthy in Nebraska. In Oregon McCarthy won his only primary victory over an active opponent who was on the ballot, handing Kennedy his first election defeat and winning 45 percent of the vote to Kennedy’s 39 percent. The next week, on June 4, Kennedy scored a solid victory over McCarthy in California, but shortly after midnight, as the votes were still being counted, Kennedy was fatally shot.
Nixon, meanwhile, won every Republican primary he entered; the Massachusetts write-in effort for Rockefeller was his only reverse. Rockefeller intensified his efforts and in mid-July finished a 44-state tour as his $3 million advertising campaign reached a peak.
Humphrey entered no primaries, but he was able to gain enough delegates in those states without primaries to give him apparent control over the convention. However, dissenters were taking an increasingly hard line against him and the administration. To ardent liberals, Humphrey—until recently denounced by rightists as a dangerous radical—was becoming the very image of the establishment.
