ダンスは美術館に浸透する

デトロイト芸術研究所（DIA）は、2016年の学際的展示「ダンス！アメリカの芸術1830–1960」、アメリカの芸術家が運動、リズム、体と持っていた豊かで多様な関係を探求した最初の主要なショーとして。ジョージカレブビンガム、メアリーカサット、アンディウォーホル、イサムノグチ、ジャスパージョーンズなどの有名なアーティストによる90点以上の芸術作品に加えて、展覧会（2016年3月20日〜6月12日）には、衣装と写真、ビデオダンスパフォーマンスのプログラム。追加のプログラミングにより、ギャラリーにダンスが導入され、デモンストレーションやパフォーマンス、博物館の大ホールのアーチ型天井の下での「クリエイティブムーブメント」のクラスを含む「DIAでのダンス」イベントが行われました。展覧会はデンバー美術館に行き、ここでは、「運動とリズムの夏」の中心的役割を果たし（7月10日〜10月2日）、秋に（10月22日）アーク島のベントンビルにあるクリスタルブリッジスアメリカンアート美術館でオープンしました。ビジュアルアートとダンスパフォーマンスのこのシームレスな統合は、進行中のトレンドに新たな発展をもたらしました。

2016年までに、多くの美術館がギャラリーでのダンスパフォーマンスを特集しました。これは、それらの会場でのダンス関連プログラムの10年にわたるトレンドを反映しています。博物館はリハーサルや衣装の変更に備えていないことがしばしばありましたが、アートワークやその他のコレクションのすぐ近くでライブダンスを体験するのに最高のスペースを提供しました。

The most spectacular project during 2015 occurred in May when for two days Boris Charmatz, the French director of Musée de la Danse (also called the Centre Chorégraphique National de Rennes et de Bretagne), collaborated with about 90 dancers and choreographers to transform London’s Tate Modern (TM) into a “dancing museum.” The title of Charmatz’s work was also a question: “If Tate Modern Was Musée de la Danse?” In response to the query, Charmatz moved dance from the insular world of the studio and the stage to the more public realm of the art museum. The event included a “live exhibition” with lectures and a performance in which volunteers learned a version of Charmatz’s dance Levée des conflits, which had premiered in 2010. A virtual component allowed audiences to respond to Charmatz’s inquiry via social media while a live-stream video transmitted performances in real time.

Longer lived but no less ambitious was the two-week exhibition “P.O.L.E. (People, Objects, Language, Exchange),” held in February 2015 at the New Museum of Contemporary Art (NMCA) in New York City. Gerard & Kelly (artistic partners Brennan Gerard and Ryan Kelly) created the show during a six-month Research and Development residency at the NMCA. The artists placed two 4.9-m (16-ft) brass poles in a gallery, where the supports functioned as physical props for dancers and conceptual provocations for viewers. Several live events occurred during the exhibition. For Gerard & Kelly’s score-based piece Two Brothers, a pair of dancers from a revolving group of eight performed on the poles three times per day. The artists, ranging from an exotic dancer to a fitness instructor, displayed their mastery of various movement styles. In addition, an “Open Pole” program, coinciding with the NMCA’s free evenings, offered public pole-dancing classes. The last two sessions culminated with virtuoso improvisations by two crews of subway dancers, the Chosen Ones and We Live This.

The museum and gallery performances in 2015 recalled avant-garde dance productions of the past. In the 1960s and’70s, the Americans Trisha Brown, Steve Paxton, and Yvonne Rainer, members of Judson Dance Theater (JDT), spearheaded a movement that explored pedestrian gestures and took dance outside the theatre. Members of JDT, motivated by financial constraints and aesthetic concerns, performed at low-cost nontraditional venues such as Judson Memorial Church in New York City’s Greenwich Village, for which the group was named. During the 1970s Brown held a residency at the Walker Art Center (WAC) in Minneapolis, Minn., and Paxton danced at the John Weber Gallery in New York City. In similar fashion the Canadian duo Lily Eng and Peter Dudar, known by the moniker Missing Associates, performed in Toronto art spaces as part of the city’s first wave of experimental dance during the 1970s and’80s.

Contemporary art spaces were used in 2015 to revisit Brown’s and Paxton’s careers. Trisha Brown Dance Company, directed by Diane Madden and Carolyn Lucas since 2013, performed five of its namesake’s most-acclaimed pieces alongside Minimalist artworks by Donald Judd and his contemporaries at New York City’s Judd Foundation. Dia Art Foundation presented the two-weekend program “Steve Paxton: Selected Works” at Dia:Beacon in Beacon, N.Y. For Paxton’s staging of the solo Flat (1964), the choreographer selected three dancers to reinterpret the role simultaneously amid colourful scrap-metal sculptures by the American artist John Chamberlain.

Another maverick American dance maker, Merce Cunningham, maintained a long-standing relationship with the WAC. The Merce Cunningham Dance Company (MCDC), which disbanded in 2011, first performed at the WAC in 1963. During his 67-year career, Cunningham held nine WAC residencies, and his company performed at the cross-disciplinary venue 17 times. In 2011, two years after Cunningham’s death, the WAC acquired the MCDC’s collection of costumes, sets, and other objects, many of which were created by the artists Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. In 2012–13 the Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA) featured the exhibition “Dancing Around the Bride,” an exploration of works that Cunningham and his collaborators, including Rauschenberg and Johns, produced under the influence of the French artist Marcel Duchamp. The PMA not only displayed two- and three-dimensional artworks but also showcased some of Cunningham’s repertory by hosting what he called “Events”—sequences of short excerpts from his choreography originally chosen and ordered by the roll of dice but here curated by British dancer Daniel Squire.

Natural history and fashion museums embraced dance too. Visually arresting and packing a powerful message, Karole Armitage’s ballet On the Nature of Things enlivened the Milstein Hall of Ocean Life at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Armitage set her meditation on climate change to music as well as to text read by American biologist Paul R. Ehrlich. Members of Armitage Gone! Dance (AGD) and children from the Manhattan Youth Ballet explored the interrelatedness of humans and nature by performing with a 28.7-m (94-ft) model of a blue whale suspended above them. Armitage also placed her choreography in dialogue with wall labels and illuminated dioramas that contained marine life and a polar bear. In other AGD news, American art dealer Jeffrey Deitch curated “Making Art Dance: Backdrops and Costumes from the Armitage Foundation.” The show, which opened in December 2014, surveyed costumes and sets that visual artists and fashion designers crafted for AGD between 1978 and 2014. Likewise, the Museum at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City spotlighted nearly 100 dance costumes and outfits in “Dance & Fashion,” an exhibition that opened in September 2014.

Two 2014 projects demonstrated a dynamic interplay between dance and the visual arts. Shen Wei, a Chinese-born American choreographer and painter, displayed his multidisciplinary talents in the exhibition “In Black, White and Gray,” sponsored by Miami Dade College’s (MDC’s) Museum of Art + Design and MDC Live Arts. For his gesamtkunstwerk Wei combined a series of 11 large-scale paintings with five performances of site-specific dance. Wei’s troupe moved in response to the sweeping marks described by his paintings’ forms. In Boston dancer-choreographer Trajal Harrell along with Christina Vasileiou performed the duet The Untitled Still Life Collection at the Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA). Harrell and contemporary artist Sarah Sze developed the piece, in which thread plays a central role, for ICA’s interdisciplinary show “Dance/Draw” in 2010. Among the most-memorable images on view at “Dance/Draw” was Mexican American artist Juan Capistrán’s The Breaks (2001). The grid-shaped work, an assemblage of 25 colour photographs, depicts Capistrán performing 24 classic break-dance steps on a sculpture by Carl Andre. While Andre meant for museumgoers to experience his floor pieces with their eyes as well as their feet (i.e., to walk on them), Capistrán surreptitiously transgressed museum rules and challenged Andre’s intentions by busting a move on the metal artwork at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.

In 2015 museum employees also joined in on the action. The author of the Tumblr page “When You Work at a Museum” chose to offer for its annual competition a video dance-off in galleries and work spaces that pitted 28 international teams against one another. Online voters awarded the staff of Ontario’s Orillia Museum of Art & History the top prize for its rendition of Mark Ronson’s “Uptown Funk,” while a Judge’s Choice Award went to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History crew for its interpretation of M.C. Hammer’s “U Can’t Touch This.”

For years French artist Edgar Degas’s visually inventive representations of ballerinas constituted some of the foremost exemplars of dance in museums. Recent events, however, demonstrated a renewed enthusiasm among audiences for watching and sometimes even participating in live dance in the galleries.